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The stress and strain definitions in Equations 1 and 2 are based on the original cross-sectional area of the tensile specimen, so they are known as engineering stress and strain. However, the uniform elongation, e u, better represents the material's ductility or formability in uniaxial deformation, because after necking (when uniform elongation is exhausted), the material can be considered to have The total elongation, e t, at fracture and the total area of reduction at fracture, A r, are considered to be indications of material ductility.
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